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Plutarco Elías Calles ((:pluˈtarko eˈli.as ˈkaʝes); September 25, 1877 – October 19, 1945) was a Mexican general and politician. He was the powerful interior minister under President Álvaro Obregón, who chose Calles as his successor. The 1924 Calles presidential campaign was the first populist presidential campaign in the nation's history, as he called for land redistribution and promised equal justice, more education, additional labor rights, and democratic governance.〔Jürgen Buchenau, ''Plutarco Elias Calles and the Mexican Revolution'' (2007) p. 103〕 Calles indeed tried to fulfill his promises during his populist phase (1924–26), but entered a repressive and violent anti-Catholic phase (1926–28). After leaving office he continued to be the dominant leader from 1928–1935, a period known as the ''maximato''. Calles is most noted for a fierce oppression of Catholics that led to the Cristero War, a civil war between Catholic rebels and government forces, and for founding the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party, or PNR), which became the Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (Party of the Mexican Revolution, or PRM) which eventually became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), that governed Mexico from 1929 to 2000 under these three different names. ==Family background, early years, and the origins of his anticlericalism== Plutarco Elías Calles grew up in poverty and deprivation, one of two natural children of his alcoholic father, Plutarco Elías Lucero, and his mother María de Jesús Campuzano. He adopted the Calles surname from his mother's sister's husband, Juan Bautista Calles, who with his wife María Josefa Campuzano raised him after the death of his mother.〔Enrique Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power.'' New York: HarperCollins 1997, pp. 404-405.〕 His uncle was from a family of school teachers, but himself was a small-scale dealer in groceries and alcoholic beverages.〔Krauze, ''Mexico'', p. 405.〕 Plutarco's uncle was an atheist, which influenced his nephew towards an attitude of anti-clericalism against the Catholic Church.〔Gonzales, Michael J., (The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940 ), p. 203, UNM Press, 2002〕 Plutarco's father's family was descended from a prominent family in the Provincias Internas, most often recorded as Elías González. The first of this line to settle in Mexico was Francisco Elías González (1707–1790), who immigrated from La Rioja, Spain, to Zacatecas, Mexico, in 1729. Eventually, he moved north to Chihuahua, where, as commander of the presidio of Terrenate, he played a role in the wars against the Yaqui and Apache. Plutarco Elías Calles's father, Plutarco Elías Lucero, lost his father in 1865, José Juan Elías Pérez, to battle wounds in the resistance to the French Intervention, leaving his widow with eight children, of which Plutarco was the oldest.〔Krauze, ''Mexico'', p. 404.〕 The family's fortunes declined precipitously and lost or sold much of its land, some of it to the Cananea Copper Company, whose labor practices resulted in a major strike at the turn of the twentieth century.〔 Calles became a committed anticlerical, which some scholars attribute to his status as a natural or "illegitimate" child. “To society at large, Plutarco Elías Calles was illegitimate because his parents never married, but he was even more so in the eyes of religion. Denying the authority of religion would at least in part be an attempt to negate his own illegitimacy.”〔Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'' p. 406 citing Gerardo Macías Richard, ''Vida y temperamento de Plutarco Elías Calles 1877-1920.'' Mexico 1995, pp. 71-72〕 As a young man, Calles worked many different jobs, from bartender to schoolteacher, and always had a keen sense for political opportunities.〔Gonzales, Michael J. The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, 2002. Page 203〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plutarco Elías Calles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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